Galeazzo Ciano | Venice: I am not making this up

I pick up the story of the column where I left it some while back, because there is one more bronze plaque to decipher.

To review: The granite column made for an Austrian admiral before World War I, when the Austro-Hungarian Empire was at the peak of its pride, was transported to Venice as spoils of war to commemorate the Italian victory in World War I. But, you may ask, what part did the Italian Navy play in said victory? The plaque shown below, which covers the front of the base, tells part of the story — the stately, official part. But the rockstar exploits, the ones that played an outsized role in the whole affair, have been omitted. I will now correct that oversight.

Beneath the disk which once contained the profile of Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian (and now vaunts the lion of San Marco), is this impressive screed. I know it’s annoyingly long (it’s an official document, so no mercy is shown), but please read it because otherwise the rest of this post won’t mean much.

“ALL’ ARMATA NAVALE (ORDINE DEL GIORNO DEL XXII MARZO MCMXIX) LA FLOTTA NEMICA, EVITANDO COSTANTAMENTE LA BATTAGLIA, HA RICONOSCIUTO NEL MODO PIU’ COMPLETO ED EVIDENTE L’EFFICIENZA DELL’ARMATA E DEI REPARTI ALLEATI CHE MANTENNERO IL DOMINIO DELL’ADRIATICO. / IL NEMICO HA POTUTO EVITARE IL COMBATTIMENTO MA NON LA RESA ED IL DISARMO DELLA SUA FLOTTA. / ABBIAMO COSI’ OTTENUTO LA VITTORIA PIU’ DECISIVA CHE MAI FOSSE POSSIBILE CONSEGUIRE, E LA IMPORTANZA DI QUESTA NON E’ PER NULLA MENOMATA DALLA CIRCOSTANZA DI NON AVERLA RIPORTATA COMBATTENDO. / UNA PARTE DI QUELLA FLOTTA CHE PER QUARANTA MESI ATTENDEMMO INVANO IN MARE APERTO GIUNGE OGGI A VENEZIA E NELLA STORICA CITTA’, LA GLORIA DELLA MARINA CHE ARGINO’ LE BARBARIE MUSULMANA, SI ACCOMUNA ALLA GLORIA DELLA SUA NATURALE EREDE – LA MARINA DELLA NUOVA ITALIA – CHE NELLO STESSO MARE HA ARGINATA LA MINACCIA DI ALTRA BARBARIE. / ALL’OPERA DELLA QUALE LA NAZIONE VEDE ORA IL TANGIBILE RISULTATO. AMMIRAGLI, COMANDANTI, UFFICIALI, ED EQUIPAGGI HANNO PORTATO ALTISSIMO CONTRIBUTO MANTENENDO LA FLOTTA SEMPRE PRONTA AD ENTRARE IN AZIONE. CONSERVANDO INTATTO PER QUARANTA MESI DI ASSILLANTE ATTESA L’ARDORE COMBATTIVO ED IL SENTIMENTO DI DISCIPLINA CHE LI ANIMAVA IL GIORNO DELLA DICHIARAZIONE DI GUERRA. E PER QUESTO ABBIAMO VINTO. THAON DE REVEL

(Translated by me): To the fleet (Order 22 March 918) The enemy fleet, constantly avoiding battle, has recognized in the most complete and evident way the efficiency of the (Italian) fleet and of the Allied units which maintained control of the Adriatic. / The enemy was able to evade combat but not the surrender and the disarming of his fleet. / We have thus obtained the most decisive victory that could ever have been accomplished, and the importance of this is in no way damaged by the circumstance of not having achieved it in battle. / A part of that fleet that for 40 months waited in vain on the open sea today reaches Venice and in the historic city the glory of the navy which checked the Muslim barbarities joins the glory of her natural heir — the navy of the New Italy — that on the same sea checked the threat of other barbarities. / In the doing of which the nation now sees the tangible result. Admirals, commanders, officials, and crews have made the highest contribution maintaining the fleet always ready to enter in action. Conserving intact for 40 months of irritating waiting the combative ardor and the sentiment of discipline that stirred them on the day of the declaration of war. And it is for this that we have won. (signed Duke Paolo Camillo) THAON DE REVEL (admiral and commander of the Italian Royal Navy).

To summarize: “During 40 interminable, maddening months of constant patrol, our ships never got to fight because those pusillanimous Austrians didn’t come out and face us like men. But no matter! Our hardy seamen and equipment were always ready to take them on, and that’s a great thing and the reason why we won.” (This proclamation is a participation prize awarded by the admiral to console everybody for having missed out on combat.)

Don’t think, though, that the Italians were doing nothing but steaming back and forth across the Adriatic, scanning the horizon in vain. Four legendary feats proved that you don’t always need a big scary battleship to seriously damage your enemy; brains, skill, luck, and nerve — or as the saying here goes, “square balls” (coglioni quadrati) — can also get the job done. History shows that Venetian seamen and commanders often matched that description, and their Italian confreres weren’t far behind.

The master of all those qualities and protagonist of three of these deeds was Luigi Rizzo, born in Milazzo, Sicily, who became the most-decorated man in the history of the Italian Navy not only for his military talent but for his seeming inability to realize that he could ever get hurt. He and a few hardy colleagues dealt some very heavy blows to the ships, plans, and pride of the Austro-Hungarian navy. Their secret weapon, apart from their cog. quad., was their vessel, a type of small torpedo boat acronymed “MAS.”

First Exploit: On the night of December 9/10, 1917, Rizzo sank the battleship SMS Wien (pronounced VEEN, the Austrian name for Vienna) while it was at anchor near Trieste.

A typical MAS (Motoscafo Armato Silurante, or armed torpedo boat). Originally built by the Naval Automobile Society of Venice, they typically carried ten men, two torpedoes, machine guns, and sometimes a light gun of unspecified character. I add this photo to give some idea of the relative scale of the watercraft involved in the deeds to be recounted here.

SMS Wien in 1898. Looking good, carrying 426 men and 27 cannon. That was more than enough for a normal battle, but Rizzo took the abnormal approach.

The Wien, with its sister ship Budapest, was in the Gulf of Trieste on November 16 to bombard Italian coastal defenses. Budapest and Wien opened fire at 10:35 AM and knocked out most of the Italian guns after about a half-hour. Efforts to counterattack by air or by torpedo boat were unsuccessful; the two ships then moved a few miles down the coast from Trieste to the Bay of Muggia, where they anchored and, I suppose, their crews drew deep breaths of satisfaction along with the smoke from freshly lit cigarettes. Not only were their ships big and strong, they were protected by seven steel chains strung at various depths across the harbor, so let’s not bother closing the watertight doors below. All was peace and tranquility; Rizzo had yet to be introduced.

As darkness fell on December 9, the two Italian MAS were towed into the bay of Trieste; towlines removed, the men started their silent electric engines and spent the next two hours cutting all the steel chains. Still undetected, at 2:32 AM they fired their torpedoes at Wien and Budapest. Budapest was unscathed, but Wien was hit: Rizzo’s two torpedoes blew a hole 10.5 meters (34 ft) wide abreast the boiler rooms, killing 46 men. Because all the watertight doors were open, the Wien capsized and sank in five minutes.

Both MAS were gone before being detected and Rizzo was awarded the Gold Medal of Military Valor. But this was no “star is born” moment — he had just received his third Silver Star for his actions at Grado during the Retreat from Caporetto (a mere month earlier), performing with what evidently was his hallmark attitude — “calm, serene, and scornful of danger.”

Luigi Rizzo returns to Venice aboard his MAS 9 after the sinking of the Wien.

Wien was buried in the mud of the harbor bottom at a depth of 16.5 meters (54 ft); salvage of the ship was ordered on December 14, but soon abandoned. The immediate court-martial convicted Vice Admiral Alfred Freiherr von Koudelka, commander of the naval district, the captains of both ships, and the commander of the naval defenses of Trieste of failing to ensure that all possible precautions had been taken. “What — me worry?” is not a recommended military philosophy, especially if there’s a war going on.

The wreck was salvaged by the Italians in the 1920s; part of its stern is displayed in the Museo Storico Navale in Venice.

There are plenty of official portraits of the indomitable Luigi Rizzo, but to me this undated image shows him at his best. The casual pose is completely offset by the look on his face. I realize he was probably staring into the sun, but still. This is a man who rode a bike to his wedding while the town was being bombed. (photo Friuli Vimado).

Second Exploit: On February 10, 1918, a mere two months after Wien went to the bottom, Rizzo joined what became the legendary raid on the Austrian ships in the bay of Buccari (now Bakar, Croatia), an adventure that almost immediately became known as the Beffa di Buccari (“the prank of Bakar”).

The basic idea would have been characterized as crazy, which was a huge advantage. As the town (and then-Austrian naval outpost for military as well as mercantile ships) lies at the end of a sheltered waterway 80 km (50 miles) long, it was commonly assumed that it was beyond attack. So naturally off we go.

Three MAS were organized under the overall command of Costanzo Ciano: #94 commanded by Andrea Ferrarini, #95 by Odoardo De Santis, and #96 commanded by Rizzo, which also carried poet and Air Force Major Gabriele D’Annunzio, the brain behind the whole affair.

Quite a flotilla departed Venice at 10:45 AM on February 10: Three groups of destroyers and Scout cruisers were assigned to tow and then support the nimble little MAS, just in case Austrian opposition was greater than anticipated.

Group 1 (one Scout ship and five destroyers) were positioned at Porto Levante on the Italian coast slightly south of Venice, ready to intervene if ordered to do so by central command in Venice.

Group 2 comprised three destroyers, each of which was to tow a MAS to within 20 miles west of the island of Susak, where each ship passed the tow line to a torpedo boat (torpediniere) and then moved to a spot 50 miles off Ancona to be on call for assistance to the MAS on their return.

Group 3 consisted of three torpedo boats, each of which towed a MAS to a mile from the entrance to the bay of Bakar.

There were also two submarines standing by, one 15 miles west of Pola, and another 15 miles south of Cape Kamenjak, guarding the escape route. What once appeared to me to have been just a batch of high jinks indulged in by a small group of bring-it-on guys was actually a mission running major risks which the Italian Navy intended to be ready to resolve. The assumption, based on aerial reconnaissance, was that there were military ships in the bay of Bakar.

As the convoy moved nearer the Croatian coast, Austrian sentinels ought to have given some kind of challenge. But once again, all was peace and quiet. If any lookout noticed the Italian ships in the winter darkness, he would have assumed they were Austrian, because how could they be anything else?

At night, in the winter, three MAS traveled 231 km/ 148 miles across the Adriatic and into the gullet of enemy territory. The red line indicates the first leg of the journey; the yellow is roughly the route taken by the smaller detachment to almost the mouth of the bay of Bakar. All of the territory on the right side of the image belonged to the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

A view of Bakar looking out toward the Adriatic — that is, toward three enemy boats which nobody had even imagined. (photo: YouTube)

Still unrecognized by the Austrian coastal gun batteries, the three MAS continued until, a mile from the bay, they switched on their noiseless electric motors.

At 12:35 AM they reached the mouth of the bay of Bakar and saw their objectives — not warships, as they’d been informed, but three cargo steamships and one passenger ship. Never mind! MAS 96 (commanded by Rizzo) was assigned to attack ship #1, MAS 94 was given two, and MAS 95 headed for the fourth ship. At 1:20 AM the three boats launched their torpedoes.

I’ll skip the minute details. Of the six torpedoes fired, only one exploded (Rizzo’s, as it happened), which revealed that the ships were protected by anti-torpedo nets. As the alarms immediately began to blare, the MAS commenced to flee the bay past bewildered Austrian lookouts who even under the blinding floodlights didn’t shoot because they still couldn’t believe that the enemy had penetrated their harbor.

The lookouts at the entrance to the bay at Prestenizze managed to fire their rifles, to which the Italians replied, not with their machine guns, but with wisecracks; they even sarcastically slowed down.

But wait! Looking back, the Italian commanders couldn’t see the third MAS. THEY TURNED BACK, passing Prestenizze again. The search was fruitless — the missing craft had escaped on its own — so they turned around and passed the lookout point a FOURTH time, tossing three bottles into their wake as they made for Ancona. The three MAS reached the port at 7:45 that morning, uninjured though possibly somewhat disappointed.

But only “somewhat,” because the intrepid crews had fulfilled part of their mission. They had left a message in those three floating bottles sealed with the red, green and white of the Italian flag. It was D’Annunzio at his most taunting, giving what today would be called a very sick burn.

“To the dishonor of the extremely cautious Austrian fleet engaged in endlessly hiding in safe ports the so-called glory of Lissa” — a defeat that Italy still couldn’t swallow — “they have come with iron and fire to shake prudence in its most comfortable refuge the seamen of Italy, who laugh at every kind of net and barrier, always ready to dare the undareable. And a good companion (*referring to himself*), well-known — the paramount enemy, of all enemies the enemy-est, he of Pola and Cattaro — has come with them to make a joke of the price on his head. 10-11 February 1918 Gabriele d’Annunzio.” In this and a number of other deeds of daring, especially the Flight over Vienna, D’Annunzio the poet transformed warfare into a kind of performance art.

The three commanders on their return from Bakar (L to R)l Luigi Rizzo, Gabriele D’Annunzio, Costanzo Ciano (father of Galeazzo Ciano, who married Mussolini’s daughter, Edda). Scribbled above them was a Latin phrase coined by D’Annunzio which gave a new meaning to the acronym MAS: “Memento Audere Semper.” Remember always to dare.

Gabriele D’Annunzio. Excogitating some new adventure beyond the limits of rationality? I wouldn’t bet against him.

Unexploded torpedoes faded into insignificance in the face of this fabulous feat. Brief as it was, making fun of the Austrians in their own harbor had a tremendous psychological effect on the Austrians (humiliation) and even more on the Italians (invigoration) after the profound demoralization that followed the disaster of Caporetto. D’Annunzio became a national hero.

Venice decided to honor all the participants, not just D’Annunzio, listing them on the base of the flag in front of the church of the Redentore on the Giudecca. The three intrepid crews set out from here that fateful February day in 1917.

The names of Equipaggio (crew) I surmounted by a bas-relief of the Bay of Buccari, all picked out with gold leaf.

This helpful label in gold leaf identifies the bay of, as written, “Buccari.”

“I TRENTA DELLA BEFFA DI BUCCARI SALPARONO DA QUESTA RIVA IL X FEBBRAIO MCMXVIII CATALOGO DEI TRENTA COSTANZO CIANO LUIGI RIZZO”… “The thirty of the Beffa di Buccari weighed anchor from this embankment on 10 February 1918 List of the thirty…”Gabriele D’Annunzio is next to last.

A certain Giacomo Scotti, in his book “Disertori in Adriatico,” has cast doubt on the glory of this event, pointing out that the ships in the harbor weren’t military, and accusing D’Annunzio of having cleverly managed to transform a failure into a resounding success (which he totally did). I have now shared Mr. Scotti’s opinion, and move on, because the one incontrovertible fact is that whatever D’Annunzio and his Thirty did on that freezing February night — danced a hornpipe in kilts, sang barbershop quartets, threw Slinkies at each other — they got through the Austrian defenses (if one can call them that) and made it home, thereby giving such a shot to Italian morale that eight months later Italy drove the Austrians out of the country once and for all.

Most of the streets on the island of Sant’ Elena bear names recalling important people, places, or events from World War 1. Or, in this case, all three.

Rizzo was awarded a bronze star (changed to a silver star at the end of the war) for his part in this adventure. Then he got back to work with his MAS and his torpedoes — details to come.

The Garden of the Forgotten Venetians: The Victory Column (Part 2): Wien and Buccari